The issue of female fertility is crucial for many couples wishing to conceive a child. Understanding how the menstrual cycle works, the factors that influence ovulation and the various methods available to improve fertility can all prove useful. This article guides you through the various aspects of women’s fertility.
The menstrual cycle: understanding its role in fertility
The phases of the menstrual cycle
The menstrual cycle comprises several essential phases that influence fertility. It generally begins with the menstrual phase, followed by the follicular phase and then the luteal phase after ovulation:
- Menstrual phase: Beginning of the cycle when the uterus expels the uterine lining.
- Follicular phase: Period during which the ovarian follicles develop under the influence of the hormones FSH and LH.
- Ovulation: Time when a mature egg is released from the ovary.
- Luteal phase: After ovulation, the corpus luteum produces hormones to prepare the uterus for a potential pregnancy.
Signs of ovulation
One of the key moments in the cycle is ovulation, when the egg is released and ready to be fertilised. Recognising the signs of ovulation greatly helps to maximise the chances of conception:
- Change in cervical mucus: It becomes clearer, more elastic and abundant, similar to raw egg white.
- Abdominal pain: Some women experience mild pain or cramping on one side of the lower abdomen.
- Increase in basal body temperature: A slight spike in body temperature on waking may indicate ovulation.
Factors influencing female fertility
Age
Age plays a crucial role in female fertility. Women are born with a fixed number of oocytes. This number naturally decreases over time:
- 20-30 years: Period of maximum fertility.
- 35 and over: Significant decrease in ovarian reserve.
- 40 and over: Fertility drastically reduced, with increased risk of chromosomal abnormalities.
Lifestyle
Lifestyle has a direct impact on fertility. Adopting good habits helps to improve your chances of conception:
- Balanced diet: A diet rich in essential nutrients such as vitamins and minerals promotes good hormonal balance.
- Physical exercise: Moderate activity maintains the body’s physiological balance.
- Avoid toxic substances: Tobacco, alcohol, drugs and certain medicines have a negative effect on fertility.
Fertility tests and diagnostics
Hormone tests
Hormone tests are often recommended to assess a woman’s fertility. They measure the levels of certain key hormones:
- FSH and LH: Indicators of ovarian and pituitary function.
- Estradiol: Reflects the health of the ovarian follicles.
- AMH (Antimüllerian hormone): Indicates overall ovarian reserve.
Ultrasound and other medical tests
In addition to blood tests, various imaging techniques and medical procedures can provide a detailed view of the structure and function of the reproductive organs:
- Transvaginal ultrasound: Allows the ovaries and uterus to be viewed to detect any abnormalities.
- Hysterosalpingography: Radiological examination to check the patency of the fallopian tubes.
- Laparoscopy: Exploratory surgical technique used to diagnose problems such as endometriosis.
Methods to improve female fertility
Medical treatments
Sometimes it is necessary to use specific medical treatments to boost fertility:
- Ovarian stimulation: Use of drugs such as clomiphene to increase the number of eggs available.
- Intrauterine insemination (IUI): Direct introduction of concentrated sperm into the uterus during ovulation.
- IVF (in vitro fertilisation): Fertilisation of oocytes outside the body, then transfer to the uterus.
Natural remedies and lifestyle adjustments
Many women also opt for natural approaches to promote their fertility:
- Acupuncture: This traditional Chinese practice can stimulate areas linked to reproduction.
- Psychological support: Managing stress and emotions through therapies or support groups improves overall well-being.
- Nutritional supplements: Vitamins and minerals such as zinc, iron and omega-3 fatty acids.
Impact of environmental factors on female fertility
Exposure to endocrine disruptors
Endocrine disruptors represent a significant threat to fertility. These chemical substances present in our daily environment alter hormonal systems and affect egg quality:
- Pesticides: Found in non-organic foods.
- Plastics: Particularly those containing BPA.
- Beauty products: Some cosmetics and hygiene products contain phthalates and parabens.
Effects of previous medical treatments
Certain medical treatments received in the past can have an impact on current fertility:
- Chemotherapy and radiotherapy: Used to treat cancers, they can damage the ovaries.
- Pelvic surgery: Risk of scarring or adhesions affecting the fallopian tubes.
The importance of the male partner in the conception process
Sperm quality
A couple’s fertility does not depend solely on the woman. The quality of the man’s sperm is just as essential:
- Sperm count: Sufficient quantity of spermatozoa to maximise the chances of fertilisation.
- Motility: Ability of the sperm to move to reach theegg.
- Morphology: Normal sperm shape is a determining factor in fertilisation.
Influence of age and lifestyle
As with women, men’s age and lifestyle play a role in sperm quality:
- Age: Although less directly related than to women, sperm quality can decrease slightly with age.
- Nutrition and lifestyle: A healthy diet and the avoidance of harmful substances promote better sperm production.
- Stress and mental health: Stress affects hormone levels and can reduce sperm quality.
